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Freemartinism
ReproductionBovineNew
Key Points
  • Freemartinism is a sexual developmental disorder that occurs when females with a male co-twin become masculinised
    • Placental vascular anastomoses allow the exchange of blood cells and hormones
  • Most commonly seen in cattle
  • The key clinical outcomes are permanent infertility, absent or irregular oestrus behaviour and variable masculinisation of the external genitalia
    • External signs can include a small vulva, enlarged clitoris and tufts of hair around the vulva
  • Diagnosis is typically based on a history of twins and clinical exam findings, but confirmatory tests are also available
  • There is no treatment that can restore the abnormal reproductive tract so it’s recommended to exclude the cow from breeding programmes
Differential Diagnoses
  1. Gonadal dysgenesis
  2. Ovarian hypoplasia
  3. Vaginal atresia
  4. Infertility unrelated to developmental disorders
Overview
Aetiology
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Resources
Overview

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Aetiology

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Clinical Signs

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Diagnosis

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Treatment

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Prevention

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Resources

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Educational content only. This factsheet is for general veterinary education and is not a substitute for professional veterinary advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Not for use in an emergency — contact a veterinarian or emergency service. Full disclaimer →