Pericardial Effusion & Cardiac Tamponade

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Key Points

Pericardial effusion is the abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac
It is a clinical finding rather than a diagnosis in its own right, but an underlying cause must always be investigated
Can occur in any species but is most often seen in dogs
Fluid accumulation can be rapid, leading to acute collapse, or gradual, typically seen as right-sided heart failure with large volumes of pericardial effusion
Echocardiography is the gold standard for diagnosis and is used to guide pericardiocentesis
Pericardiocentesis is the mainstay for treatment and typically results in rapid clinical improvement
The long-term prognosis primarily depends on the underlying cause

Differential Diagnoses

Tension pneumothorax
Cardiac arrhythmias
Pulmonary thromboembolism

Educational content only. This factsheet is for general veterinary education and is not a substitute for professional veterinary advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Not for use in an emergency — contact a veterinarian or emergency service. Full disclaimer →